Booming, drumming and grunting. Booming is created in an inflatable neck sac, and can be heard up to 2 km away.

Clear, ringing ‘cheery-wit’ and ‘too-too-weep’, last note higher, louder, given repeatedly.

Double noted, ascending whistle: ‘pi-pieer’ or ‘tu-wieep’. Sharp chirp in alarm.

Various croaking grunting sounds: ‘urrk-urrk-urrk’ ‘arrrgh arrrgh arrrgh’ ‘graaow’ ‘urgk-urg-urgh’.

Aloud single or double croak in alarm or flight: ‘argh, aarrgh’. At nest a deep loud ‘oomph!’ a raucous cackle at changeover.

A gutteral rattling croak. Pizzey

Various harsh and mosly deep croaks. The alarm is a hoarse but not deep croak, ‘ow-uk’ or ‘qwu-ok’; at roost and nest a more abrupt, nasal ‘auk-auk-ak’.

Call in flight is an occasional deep grunted croak; if startled gives loud hoarse croaks.

A deep grunted ‘urrrk’; in flocks and colonies deep croaked and grunted honkings.

Loud croaks when itending to fly or alarmed and repeatedly on take off. When joining flock anounces arival with rapid series of croaks.

Usually silent but in threat displays gives soft nasal coughs or grunts, makes clattering sounds with the bill.

Clacks the bill; somtimes gives gutteral grunts usually in threat or dancing displays.

Liquid gurgling notes. ‘Give-the-boy-a-go’ repeated ending in a single abrupt note. Pizzey

Atractive mellow and rolling. ‘Free-wheat-peeler-peeler’ rising then falling. Pizzey

an extraordinary jumble of notes one of which has been interpreted as 4 o'clock’ No Tobacca today (Maureen)

Up here Maureen, up here Maureen’ Maureen. ‘Rackety crook-shank’…raucous and guttural croaking. Morcombe and Stewart

Penetrating querulous ‘woik, woik, woik’ or ‘queeet, queet’ each note rising at end. Pizzey

High-pitched penetrating complaining ‘yoi-yoi-yoi-yoi’ rising at end peeishly. Pizzey

Sharp nasal ‘kiek-kiek-kierk’, ‘kweek-kewk’ or ‘kieerk-kieerk’. Morcombe and Stewart

Scratchy peevish ‘scree scree’; dry ‘prrit prrit prrit’; alarm call, ‘crik-crikit-crikit-crickit’, accelerating into running almost machinegun-like note. Pizzey

Jaring descending ‘chung-chung-chung’, mellow ‘beer-brick, beer-brick’. Pizzey.

‘It-wirt, wirt, wirt, wirt’; single sharp note ‘boink’ Pizzey.

Arig-arig-a-taw-taw’; ‘guinea-a-week’; deep metalic rather twanging ‘clitchit-clee-you, clitchit-clee-you’ repeated. Pizzey.

Brisk ‘chickowee’ or ‘chickabiddey’; alarm call a rapid high-pitched strident trill like alarm-clock. Pizzey

Curious high-pitched grating, croaking notes, developed into song. Pizzey.

Song remarkably strong sweet and varied ‘sweet-sweet-quarty-quarty’.Pizzey.

Deep, slightly harsh, guttural ‘zhirrp’; also strident , farcarying ‘see-hear, see-hear, see-hear’. Pizzey

A rasping ‘zhap-zhapzhapzhapzhap; a curious sustained grinding churring; a clear repeated whistle each phrase rising at the end like a man whistling a dog. Pizzey.

Pairs perform wing lifting duets- antiphonal song. ‘Tee-hee, pee-o-wee, pee-o-wit’. Pizzey, Simpson and Day

Cyclic tinkling song, ending with a strong high note. Warning ‘dik!’. Simpson and Day

"Sweet pretty creature" chitji chitji (ngaanyatjarra)

Rasping, hissing, crackling. Strange metalic notes, some like a wire-fence being twanged. Simpson and Day, Pizzey.